　　In mechanical transmission systems, the screw serves as the core component that converts rotational motion into linear motion, and its support method directly determines the accuracy, rigidity, and service life of the equipment. According to different working conditions, the support methods of lead screws can be divided into four typical types, each of which has significant differences in structural characteristics, applicable scenarios, and advantages and disadvantages.

　　一端固定一端自由：垂直传动与短行程的优选方案

　　One end fixed and one end free: the preferred solution for vertical transmission and short stroke

　　该支撑方式的结构特点为一端采用组合式角接触轴承进行轴向固定，另一端完全自由。其优势在于结构简单、安装成本低，尤其适用于短行程或垂直布置的丝杠。例如，在数控机床的垂直坐标轴或升降台中，这种支撑方式可通过丝杠及负载的自重使其处于拉伸状态，从而补偿因自重引起的弯曲变形。然而，其局限性也十分明显：轴向刚度与临界转速较低，丝杠稳定性较差，因此仅适用于低转速、中精度的场景。若丝杠长度较长或转速要求较高，则需谨慎选择此方式。

　　The structural feature of this support method is that one end is fixed axially with a combined angular contact bearing, and the other end is completely free. Its advantages lie in its simple structure and low installation cost, especially suitable for short stroke or vertically arranged lead screws. For example, in the vertical coordinate axis or lifting platform of a CNC machine tool, this support method can compensate for bending deformation caused by the weight of the screw and load by keeping it in a stretched state. However, its limitations are also very obvious: the axial stiffness and critical speed are low, and the stability of the screw is poor, so it is only suitable for low-speed, medium precision scenarios. If the length of the screw is long or the speed requirement is high, this method should be carefully selected.

　　一端固定一端支撑：中等精度与速度的平衡之选

　　Fixed at one end and supported at the other: a balanced choice between medium precision and speed

　　作为常用的安装方式，该结构一端通过组合式角接触轴承实现轴向固定，另一端采用深沟球轴承提供径向支撑。其核心优势在于兼顾了刚性与安装便利性——固定端可同时承受轴向力和径向力，支撑端则通过微量轴向浮动减少丝杠热变形的影响。这种设计使其广泛应用于中等速度、精度要求较高的场合，如普通数控机床的进给系统。不过，支撑端的刚性相对较弱，在高精度需求下可能需辅助以预拉伸或温控措施。

　　As the most commonly used installation method, one end of the structure is fixed axially through a combined angular contact bearing, and the other end is supported radially by a deep groove ball bearing. Its core advantage lies in balancing rigidity and installation convenience - the fixed end can withstand both axial and radial forces simultaneously, while the support end reduces the impact of screw thermal deformation through a small amount of axial floating. This design makes it widely used in applications with medium speed and high precision requirements, such as the feed system of ordinary CNC machine tools. However, the rigidity of the supporting end is relatively weak, and auxiliary measures such as pre stretching or temperature control may be required for high-precision requirements.

　　两端支撑：低成本与灵活性的妥协方案

　　Two end support: a compromise solution between low cost and flexibility

　　两端均采用深沟球轴承的支撑方式，结构简单且成本较低，但轴向刚性显著低于其他类型。由于两端制径向自由度，丝杠的热膨胀会直接影响传动精度，因此多用于对刚性要求不高的中等速度场景。典型应用包括手动调整机构或低负荷的自动化设备。尽管其应用范围有限，但在空间受限或预算紧张的项目中仍具实用价值。

　　Both ends are supported by deep groove ball bearings, which have a simple structure and low cost, but their axial rigidity is significantly lower than other types. Due to the limitation of only radial degrees of freedom at both ends, the thermal expansion of the screw directly affects the transmission accuracy, making it more commonly used in medium speed scenarios with low rigidity requirements. Typical applications include manually adjusting mechanisms or low load automation equipment. Although its application scope is limited, it still has practical value in projects with limited space or tight budgets.

　　两端固定：高速高精场景的刚性保障

　　Fixed at both ends: rigid guarantee for high-speed and high-precision scenes

　　通过两端组合式角接触轴承的轴向固定，该方式可承受极高的轴向载荷，轴向刚度较“一端固定一端支撑”提升约4倍。其特点在于对丝杠施加预拉伸，以抵消高速运转时摩擦生热导致的热变形，从而确保长期精度稳定性。因此，它成为高速机床、精密加工中心等高端设备的方案。然而，复杂的安装调试流程和对热变形的敏感性也增加了使用门槛，需配备高精度的预紧力控制与温度补偿系统。

　　By using a combination of two end angular contact bearings for axial fixation, this method can withstand extremely high axial loads, and the axial stiffness is increased by about 4 times compared to "one end fixed and one end supported". Its biggest feature is to apply pre tension to the screw to counteract the thermal deformation caused by frictional heating during high-speed operation, thereby ensuring long-term accuracy stability. Therefore, it has become the preferred solution for high-end equipment such as high-speed machine tools and precision machining centers. However, the complex installation and debugging process and sensitivity to thermal deformation also increase the threshold for use, requiring high-precision preload control and temperature compensation systems.

　　支撑方式的选择原则与优化方向

　　Principles and optimization directions for selecting support methods

　　在实际工程中，支撑方式的选择需综合考量负载特性、转速要求、行程长度及成本预算。例如，短行程垂直传动优先选“一端固定一端自由”；中等精度要求的水平进给系统适合“一端固定一端支撑”；而高速、长丝杠场景则必须采用“两端固定”结构。此外，通过材料升级（如采用角接触轴承替代深沟球轴承）、表面处理优化（如镀镍防腐）以及智能温控技术的融入，可进一步提升支撑系统的综合性能。

　　In practical engineering, the selection of support methods requires comprehensive consideration of load characteristics, speed requirements, stroke length, and cost budget. For example, for short stroke vertical transmission, priority should be given to "one end fixed and one end free"; A horizontal feed system with medium precision requirements is suitable for "one end fixed and one end supported"; In high-speed and long filament scenarios, a "fixed at both ends" structure must be adopted. In addition, by upgrading materials (such as replacing deep groove ball bearings with angular contact bearings), optimizing surface treatment (such as nickel plating for corrosion prevention), and integrating intelligent temperature control technology, the comprehensive performance of the support system can be further improved.

　　随着制造业向高精度、率方向发展，丝杠支撑技术正朝着模块化、智能化方向演进。未来，自适应支撑系统可能通过嵌入式传感器实时监测丝杠状态，并自动调整预紧力与补偿量，从而彻底颠覆传统支撑方式的设计范式。

　　With the development of manufacturing towards high precision and efficiency, screw support technology is evolving towards modularity and intelligence. In the future, adaptive support systems may completely overturn the design paradigm of traditional support methods by real-time monitoring of screw status through embedded sensors and automatically adjusting preload and compensation.

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