　　In the field of mechanical transmission, the screw, as the core component that converts rotational motion into linear motion, can be regarded as the "joint" of modern industry. From CNC machine tools to robot joints, from aerospace to precision instruments, the performance of lead screws directly affects the accuracy and lifespan of equipment. This article will delve into the classification system and structural characteristics of lead screws, uncovering the mechanical code of this precision transmission component.

　　滑动丝杠：机械传动的原始基因

　　Sliding screw: the original gene of mechanical transmission

　　滑动丝杠作为传统的传动形式，其结构可追溯阿基米德螺旋原理。这类丝杠由丝杆与螺母组成，通过螺纹副的直接接触实现传动。其结构特点呈现出鲜明的原始机械美学：

　　The sliding screw, as the most traditional form of transmission, can be traced back to the Archimedes screw principle in terms of its structure. This type of screw is composed of a threaded rod and a nut, and transmission is achieved through direct contact of the threaded pair. Its structural characteristics present a distinct primitive mechanical aesthetics:

　　螺纹形制：多采用梯形或锯齿形螺纹，梯形螺纹因工艺成熟成为通用标准，锯齿形螺纹则通过单侧受力设计提升传动效率。

　　Thread form: Trapezoidal or serrated threads are commonly used. Trapezoidal threads have become a universal standard due to mature technology, while serrated threads improve transmission efficiency through single-sided force design.

　　润滑系统：依赖油脂或油膜润滑，螺纹表面常加工储油槽，形成动压润滑膜以降低摩擦系数。某型滑动丝杠通过激光微织构技术在螺纹表面加工出微型储油坑，使润滑效能提升40%。

　　Lubrication system: relying on grease or oil film lubrication, the threaded surface is often machined with oil storage tanks to form a dynamic pressure lubrication film to reduce the friction coefficient. A certain type of sliding screw uses laser micro texturing technology to create micro oil storage pits on the surface of the thread, which increases lubrication efficiency by 40%.

　　精度等级：受材料变形与磨损限制，通常分为C0-C7七个精度等级，C3级已可满足普通机床进给需求。

　　Accuracy level: Due to material deformation and wear limitations, it is usually divided into seven accuracy levels C0-C7, and C3 level can already meet the feed requirements of ordinary machine tools.

　　滚珠丝杠：滚动传动的效率革命

　　Ball screw: an efficiency revolution in rolling transmission

　　滚珠丝杠通过引入滚动体，将滑动摩擦转化为滚动摩擦，堪称传动效率的革命性突破。其结构特征彰显现代精密制造技术：

　　The ball screw transforms sliding friction into rolling friction by introducing rolling elements, which can be regarded as a revolutionary breakthrough in transmission efficiency. Its structural features highlight modern precision manufacturing technology:

　　循环系统：采用回珠器构建滚珠循环通道，内循环式通过反向器实现滚珠闭环，外循环式则利用导管形成开放回路。某企业研发的S形反向器，使滚珠运行流畅度提升35%。

　　Circulating system: A ball return device is used to construct a ball circulation channel. The internal circulation type uses a reversing device to achieve ball closure, while the external circulation type uses a conduit to form an open circuit. The S-shaped reverser developed by a certain enterprise has improved the smoothness of ball operation by 35%.

　　预紧机制：通过双螺母垫片式或变位导程式预紧，轴向间隙。某精密滚珠丝杠采用齿差式预紧结构，可实现1μm级重复定位精度。

　　Pre tightening mechanism: eliminate axial clearance by pre tightening with double nut washers or displacement guides. A certain precision ball screw adopts a tooth difference pre tightening structure, which can achieve a repeat positioning accuracy of 1 μ m.

　　密封防护：多重密封结构成为标配，迷宫式密封配合唇形密封圈，有效阻隔切削液与粉尘侵入。某款防尘滚珠丝杠在模拟切削试验中，实现连续工作500小时无故障。

　　Sealing protection: Multiple sealing structures have become standard, and labyrinth seals combined with lip seals effectively block the intrusion of cutting fluid and dust. A certain dust-proof ball screw achieved continuous operation for 500 hours without failure in simulated cutting tests.

　　行星滚柱丝杠：重载传动的力量美学

　　Planetary Roller Screw: Aesthetics of Power in Heavy Duty Transmission

　　针对航空航天、工程机械等重载场景，行星滚柱丝杠通过创新结构实现大载荷传动：

　　For heavy-duty scenarios such as aerospace and engineering machinery, planetary roller screws achieve high load transmission through innovative structures

　　多齿啮合：丝杆与螺母间布置多个滚柱，形成多线接触。某型产品实现同时12个滚柱参与啮合，额定动载荷较滚珠丝杠提升3倍。

　　Multi tooth meshing: Multiple rollers are arranged between the screw and nut to form multi line contact. A certain type of product achieves simultaneous engagement of 12 rollers, with a rated dynamic load three times higher than that of ball screws.

　　齿廓修形：采用对数螺旋线齿廓，使接触应力分布更均匀。有限元分析显示，优化后齿面应力下降28%。

　　Tooth profile modification: using logarithmic spiral tooth profile to make the contact stress distribution more uniform. Finite element analysis shows that the maximum stress on the optimized tooth surface has decreased by 28%.

　　润滑管理：开发固态润滑膜技术，在滚柱表面沉积二硫化钼涂层，形成自润滑层，满足极端工况需求。

　　Lubrication management: Develop solid-state lubrication film technology to deposit molybdenum disulfide coating on the surface of rollers, forming a self-lubricating layer to meet extreme working conditions.

　　静压丝杠：液体膜传动的精度

　　Static pressure screw: the pinnacle of precision in liquid film transmission

　　静压丝杠通过液压油膜实现纯液体摩擦，代表传动精度的境界：

　　The static pressure screw achieves pure liquid friction through hydraulic oil film, representing the highest level of transmission accuracy:

　　油腔结构：螺母内加工环形油腔，通过节流器控制油膜压力。某研究机构开发的双矩形油腔结构，使油膜刚度提升50%。

　　Oil chamber structure: A circular oil chamber is machined inside the nut, and the oil film pressure is controlled by a throttle. The double rectangular oil chamber structure developed by a certain research institution has increased the stiffness of the oil film by 50%.

　　供油系统：采用恒压供油装置，配合高精度过滤器，确保油液清洁度达NAS 5级。

　　Oil supply system: Adopting a constant pressure oil supply device, coupled with high-precision filters, to ensure that the oil cleanliness reaches NAS level 5.

　　热管理：内置温度传感器与冷却通道，通过PID算法实时调节油温，将热变形控制在0.01μm/℃以内。

　　Thermal management: Built in temperature sensor and cooling channel, real-time adjustment of oil temperature through PID algorithm, controlling thermal deformation within 0.01 μ m/℃.

　　丝杠的演化史，本质是机械传动领域对效率、精度与寿命的不懈追求。从滑动摩擦到滚动摩擦，从刚性接触到液体膜传动，每种丝杠类型都承载着特定的工程智慧。理解其分类逻辑与结构特征，不仅是对机械原理的致敬，更是掌握现代精密制造的关键密码。在工业4.0时代，丝杠技术正与智能传感、数字孪生等技术深度融合，持续拓展着机械传动的可能性边界。

　　The evolution history of screw is essentially the relentless pursuit of efficiency, accuracy, and lifespan in the field of mechanical transmission. From sliding friction to rolling friction, from rigid contact to liquid film transmission, each type of screw carries specific engineering wisdom. Understanding its classification logic and structural features is not only a tribute to mechanical principles, but also a key password for mastering modern precision manufacturing. In the era of Industry 4.0, screw technology is deeply integrated with intelligent sensing, digital twin and other technologies, continuously expanding the possibilities of mechanical transmission.

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