在机械传动系统中，丝杠如同设备的 “神经”，承载着精确位移的重任。但长期使用后，丝杠与螺母间产生的反向间隙，却像恼人的 “摇摆病”，导致设备定位失准、加工精度下降。想要根治这一问题，需从原理剖析入手，掌握科学的调校方法，让机械传动重归 “丝滑”。

　　In mechanical transmission systems, the screw is like the "nerve center" of the equipment, carrying the responsibility of precise displacement. However, after long-term use, the reverse clearance between the screw and nut becomes like an annoying "swing disease", leading to inaccurate equipment positioning and decreased machining accuracy. To cure this problem, we need to start with principle analysis, master scientific calibration methods, and make mechanical transmission return to "silky".

　　一、追根溯源：看懂反向间隙的 “发病机制”

　　1、 Tracing the Source: Understanding the "Pathogenesis" of Reverse Gap

　　反向间隙源于丝杠与螺母配合时的微小空隙，正常情况下，这种间隙能避免部件因摩擦卡死，但过量间隙会引发传动误差。其成因复杂：长期负载运行导致螺纹磨损，滚珠丝杠的滚珠变形、导轨润滑不足加剧摩擦，装配时同轴度偏差或预紧力不均，都会扩大间隙。当设备换向运行时，丝杠需先 “空转” 一段距离填补间隙，再带动负载运动，终造成位移偏差，尤其在精密加工、数控设备中，这种误差可能直接影响产品质量。

　　The reverse clearance originates from the small gap between the screw and nut when they are matched. Under normal circumstances, this clearance can prevent components from getting stuck due to friction, but excessive clearance can cause transmission errors. The causes are complex: long-term load operation leads to thread wear, deformation of ball bearings in ball screws, insufficient lubrication of guide rails exacerbates friction, and coaxiality deviation or uneven pre tightening force during assembly can all widen the gap. When the equipment runs in reverse direction, the screw needs to first "idle" for a distance to fill the gap, and then drive the load to move, ultimately causing displacement deviation, especially in precision machining and CNC equipment, which may directly affect product quality.

　　二、精准检测：锁定间隙的 “量化标尺”

　　2、 Accurate detection: a "quantitative ruler" for locking gaps

　　调校前必须量化间隙数值。常用检测工具包括百分表与千分表：将表头抵在工作台或丝杠端部，手动缓慢转动丝杠，观察指针摆动范围，指针偏移量即为间隙值；更精确的检测可借助激光干涉仪，通过发射激光测量工作台实际位移与理论位移的差值，生成数据报告。若检测发现间隙超过设备允许范围（如普通机床允许 0.02mm，精密设备要求≤0.005mm），则需立即调校。

　　Before calibration, the gap value must be quantified. Common testing tools include dial gauges and micrometers: place the gauge head against the workbench or the end of the screw, manually rotate the screw slowly, observe the range of pointer swing, and the maximum deviation of the pointer is the clearance value; More accurate detection can be achieved through the use of a laser interferometer, which measures the difference between the actual displacement and theoretical displacement of the workbench by emitting a laser and generates a data report. If it is detected that the gap exceeds the allowable range of the equipment (such as 0.02mm for ordinary machine tools and ≤ 0.005mm for precision equipment), it needs to be adjusted immediately.

　　三、机械调校：拧紧传动的 “精准螺丝”

　　3、 Mechanical tuning: Tighten the "precise screws" of the transmission

　　机械调整是间隙的核心手段。对于普通梯形丝杠，可采用双螺母错齿调整法：松开螺母固定螺栓，通过垫片或弹簧推动两个螺母错位，使一侧螺母螺纹牙的左侧面与丝杠接触，另一侧螺母的右侧面接触，利用预紧力间隙；调整后需反复测试，确保间隙均匀，再锁紧螺母。滚珠丝杠则多通过预拉伸结构调校：对丝杠施加轴向拉力，使其产生微量弹性变形，配合双螺母预紧，强制缩小间隙；此过程需严格控制拉力大小，避免丝杠过度变形。此外，还可更换磨损严重的丝杠或螺母组件，从根本上解决间隙问题。

　　Mechanical adjustment is the core means of eliminating gaps. For ordinary trapezoidal lead screws, the double nut misalignment adjustment method can be used: loosen the nut fixing bolt, push the two nuts to be misaligned through a washer or spring, so that the left side of one nut thread contacts the lead screw and the right side of the other nut contacts, and use pre tightening force to eliminate the gap; After adjustment, it is necessary to repeatedly test to ensure even clearance, and then tighten the nut. Ball screws are often calibrated through pre tensioning structures: axial tension is applied to the screw to produce slight elastic deformation, and double nuts are used for pre tightening to forcibly reduce the gap; This process requires strict control of the tension to avoid excessive deformation of the screw. In addition, severely worn screw or nut components can be replaced to fundamentally solve the gap problem.

　　四、电子补偿：给传动装上 “智能大脑”

　　4、 Electronic compensation: equipping the transmission with an "intelligent brain"

　　在数控设备中，电子补偿技术为调校提供 “第二方案”。通过设备控制系统录入检测到的间隙值，系统会在反向运动时自动提前输出补偿脉冲，驱动电机多旋转相应角度，抵消间隙影响。例如，当检测到 0.01mm 间隙时，系统在换向瞬间额外发送对应脉冲，使工作台提前移动 0.01mm。但电子补偿仅能修正固定间隙，若间隙随负载变化波动，仍需结合机械调整从源头解决问题。

　　In CNC equipment, electronic compensation technology provides a "second solution" for calibration. By inputting the detected gap value through the device control system, the system will automatically output compensation pulses in advance during reverse motion, driving the motor to rotate multiple corresponding angles to counteract the gap effect. For example, when a gap of 0.01mm is detected, the system sends an additional pulse at the moment of commutation, causing the worktable to move 0.01mm in advance. However, electronic compensation can only correct fixed gaps. If the gap fluctuates with load changes, it still needs to be combined with mechanical adjustment to solve the problem from the source.

　　五、维护预防：长效控制的 “保养秘籍”

　　5、 Maintenance and prevention: the "maintenance secret" for long-term control

　　调校后需建立长效维护机制。定期检查丝杠润滑状态，使用适配的润滑油或润滑脂，避免因干摩擦加剧磨损；关注设备运行温度，过高温度会导致部件热变形，扩大间隙。同时，规范设备操作流程，避免频繁急停、急转等冲击性动作，减少对丝杠的损伤。建议每半年进行一次间隙检测，发现异常及时调整，将问题扼杀在萌芽状态。

　　After calibration, a long-term maintenance mechanism needs to be established. Regularly check the lubrication status of the screw, use suitable lubricating oil or grease to avoid wear caused by dry friction; Pay attention to the operating temperature of the equipment. Excessive temperature can cause thermal deformation of components and widen gaps. At the same time, standardize the equipment operation process, avoid frequent emergency stops, sudden turns and other impact actions, and reduce damage to the screw. It is recommended to conduct gap testing every six months, and make timely adjustments if any abnormalities are found to nip the problem in the bud.

　　解决丝杠反向间隙问题，既要 “对症下药” 精准调校，也要 “未雨绸缪” 做好维护。从机械微调的精密操作，到电子补偿的智能辅助，掌握这些方法，就能让设备摆脱 “摇摆病”，重获高精度的传动性能。

　　To solve the problem of reverse clearance of the screw, it is necessary to not only accurately adjust it according to the situation, but also to be prepared for maintenance. Mastering these methods, from precise operation of mechanical fine-tuning to intelligent assistance of electronic compensation, can help equipment overcome the "swing disease" and regain high-precision transmission performance.

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